How is Max Pain Calculated?

Max Pain is calculated by determining the total dollar value of in-the-money options at each strike price. For each strike price: Calculate the difference between the current stock price and the strike price. Multiply this difference by the open interest (number of contracts) at that strike for both call and put options. Sum the values: Add together the dollar value for put options and call options at each strike price. Repeat for all strikes: Perform this calculation for every available strike price in the option chain. Identify the maximum: The strike price with the highest combined dollar value is the Max Pain price. This calculation helps identify the price level where option writers would face the maximum financial loss if the stock closes at that price on expiration day.

How Can Traders Use Max Pain in Their Strategy?

Traders can incorporate Max Pain analysis into their trading strategy in several ways: Expiration Day Trading: As option expiration approaches, traders can use Max Pain as a potential support or resistance level, as market makers may attempt to push the price toward this level. Option Selection: Understanding Max Pain helps traders choose strike prices that are less likely to be manipulated, potentially improving their option trade outcomes. Risk Management: If a stock is trading far from Max Pain before expiration, traders can anticipate potential price movement toward this level and adjust their positions accordingly. Market Sentiment Indicator: Comparing the current stock price to Max Pain can provide insights into market sentiment and potential price direction near expiration. Hedging Strategy: Option writers can use Max Pain to identify strike prices where they might face the least payout risk, helping them structure more efficient hedging strategies.

What Does Max Pain Indicate About Stock Price Movement?

Max Pain provides insights into potential stock price behavior, especially near option expiration: Price Magnet Effect: If the stock price is significantly above or below Max Pain before expiration, there may be a tendency for the price to move toward Max Pain as expiration approaches, as option writers hedge their positions. Support/Resistance Level: Max Pain can act as a psychological and technical support or resistance level, especially on expiration day, as it represents the price where maximum option value would be lost. Volatility Indicator: A large gap between current price and Max Pain may indicate higher potential volatility or price movement as expiration nears. Market Maker Activity: Significant open interest concentration around Max Pain suggests where market makers might have the most incentive to influence price movement through their hedging activities. Note: Max Pain is a theoretical concept and should be used in conjunction with other technical and fundamental analysis tools, as it does not guarantee price movement.

How Often Does Max Pain Change?

Max Pain is a dynamic value that changes continuously based on several factors: Open Interest Changes: As traders open and close option positions, the open interest at different strike prices changes, which directly affects the Max Pain calculation. Stock Price Movement: As the underlying stock price moves, different strike prices become in-the-money or out-of-the-money, altering the dollar value calculations. Time Decay: As expiration approaches, the time value of options decreases, but the intrinsic value calculations for Max Pain continue to evolve with price movements. New Option Contracts: When new strike prices are added or when significant new positions are opened, Max Pain may shift to reflect the new distribution of open interest. For accurate Max Pain analysis, traders should monitor it regularly, especially in the days leading up to expiration, as it can shift significantly as market conditions and option positions change.

What's the Difference Between Max Pain and Spot Price?

Max Pain and Spot Price are two distinct concepts that serve different purposes in options trading: Spot Price (Current Market Price): This is the current trading price of the underlying stock or index in the market. It represents the real-time value at which the asset can be bought or sold immediately. Max Pain Price: This is a calculated theoretical price level based on option open interest data. It represents the strike price where option writers would face minimum payout obligations, not necessarily where the stock is currently trading. The relationship between these two prices is crucial: when the spot price is far from Max Pain, traders may anticipate potential price movement toward Max Pain as expiration approaches. However, this is not guaranteed, and many other factors influence stock price movement.

Is Max Pain Always Accurate for Predicting Stock Price?

No, Max Pain is not always accurate and should not be used as the sole indicator for predicting stock price movement. Here's why: Market Forces: Strong fundamental news, earnings reports, or significant market events can override the Max Pain effect and drive prices in unexpected directions. Institutional Activity: Large institutional trades, algorithmic trading, and other market participants may have different objectives than minimizing option payouts. Limited Influence: While market makers may attempt to influence price toward Max Pain, their ability to do so is limited, especially in highly liquid stocks with strong directional momentum. Multiple Expirations: Stocks often have options expiring on different dates (weekly, monthly), which means multiple Max Pain levels may exist simultaneously, reducing the predictive power of any single level. Statistical Tool: Max Pain is best viewed as a statistical tool that provides context about option market dynamics rather than a guaranteed price target. Traders should use Max Pain as one of many tools in their analysis, combining it with technical analysis, fundamental analysis, and market sentiment indicators for more comprehensive decision-making.

When is Max Pain Most Relevant for Options Trading?

Max Pain becomes increasingly relevant as option expiration approaches: Last Trading Week: Max Pain analysis is most useful during the final week before expiration, when option writers are actively hedging and the "pinning effect" (price movement toward Max Pain) is most likely to occur. Expiration Day: On the day of expiration, Max Pain can serve as a key reference level, as market makers may attempt to keep the stock price near this level to minimize their payout obligations. High Open Interest: Max Pain is more reliable when there is significant open interest concentrated around specific strike prices, as this indicates where option writers have the most exposure. Low Volatility Periods: During periods of low market volatility, Max Pain may have a stronger influence, as there are fewer competing forces driving price movement. Monthly Expirations: Monthly option expirations (typically the third Friday) often show stronger Max Pain effects compared to weekly expirations, due to higher open interest and more significant market maker involvement. While Max Pain can be calculated at any time, its predictive value and practical application increase significantly as expiration approaches, making it particularly useful for short-term trading strategies focused on expiration week dynamics.

GOLD

Q: What is Max Pain in Options Trading?

Max Pain, also known as the max pain price, is the strike price at which the maximum number of option contracts (both puts and calls) would expire worthless, causing the largest financial losses for option holders at expiration. This price point represents the level where option writers would experience the least payout obligation. The max pain theory suggests that as expiration approaches, market makers and option writers may attempt to influence the stock price toward this level to minimize their payout obligations, making it a significant reference point for traders analyzing option expiration dynamics.

Gold

138179 +294.00 (0.21%)

L: 137292 H: 138676

Max Pain - GOLD

25 Dec 2025 11:15 AM IST

Expiry

Max Pain for GOLD is 135000

Historical data for GOLD-135000-CE

LTP (135000 CE)

3518.5 39.5

Open Interest

495 -53

Historical data for GOLD-135000-PE

LTP (135000 PE)

391 -27

Open Interest

695 28

Strike 110000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 15,335,740,000 Combined total value = 15,335,740,000

Strike 110100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 15,259,550,000 Combined total value = 15,259,550,000

Strike 110200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 15,183,360,000 Combined total value = 15,183,360,000

Strike 110300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 15,107,170,000 Combined total value = 15,107,170,000

Strike 110400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 15,030,980,000 Combined total value = 15,030,980,000

Strike 110500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,954,790,000 Combined total value = 14,954,790,000

Strike 110600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,878,600,000 Combined total value = 14,878,600,000

Strike 110700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,802,410,000 Combined total value = 14,802,410,000

Strike 110800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,726,220,000 Combined total value = 14,726,220,000

Strike 110900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,650,030,000 Combined total value = 14,650,030,000

Strike 111000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,573,840,000 Combined total value = 14,573,840,000

Strike 111100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,497,650,000 Combined total value = 14,497,650,000

Strike 111200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,421,460,000 Combined total value = 14,421,460,000

Strike 111300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,345,270,000 Combined total value = 14,345,270,000

Strike 111400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,269,080,000 Combined total value = 14,269,080,000

Strike 111500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,192,890,000 Combined total value = 14,192,890,000

Strike 111600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,116,700,000 Combined total value = 14,116,700,000

Strike 111700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 14,040,510,000 Combined total value = 14,040,510,000

Strike 111800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,964,320,000 Combined total value = 13,964,320,000

Strike 111900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,888,130,000 Combined total value = 13,888,130,000

Strike 112000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,811,940,000 Combined total value = 13,811,940,000

Strike 112100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,735,750,000 Combined total value = 13,735,750,000

Strike 112200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,659,560,000 Combined total value = 13,659,560,000

Strike 112300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,583,370,000 Combined total value = 13,583,370,000

Strike 112400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,507,180,000 Combined total value = 13,507,180,000

Strike 112500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,430,990,000 Combined total value = 13,430,990,000

Strike 112600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,354,800,000 Combined total value = 13,354,800,000

Strike 112700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,278,610,000 Combined total value = 13,278,610,000

Strike 112800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,202,420,000 Combined total value = 13,202,420,000

Strike 112900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,126,230,000 Combined total value = 13,126,230,000

Strike 113000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 13,050,040,000 Combined total value = 13,050,040,000

Strike 113100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,973,850,000 Combined total value = 12,973,850,000

Strike 113200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,897,660,000 Combined total value = 12,897,660,000

Strike 113300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,821,470,000 Combined total value = 12,821,470,000

Strike 113400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,745,280,000 Combined total value = 12,745,280,000

Strike 113500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,669,090,000 Combined total value = 12,669,090,000

Strike 113600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,592,900,000 Combined total value = 12,592,900,000

Strike 113700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,516,710,000 Combined total value = 12,516,710,000

Strike 113800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,440,520,000 Combined total value = 12,440,520,000

Strike 113900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,364,330,000 Combined total value = 12,364,330,000

Strike 114000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,288,140,000 Combined total value = 12,288,140,000

Strike 114100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,211,950,000 Combined total value = 12,211,950,000

Strike 114200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,135,760,000 Combined total value = 12,135,760,000

Strike 114300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 12,059,570,000 Combined total value = 12,059,570,000

Strike 114400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,983,380,000 Combined total value = 11,983,380,000

Strike 114500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,907,190,000 Combined total value = 11,907,190,000

Strike 114600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,831,000,000 Combined total value = 11,831,000,000

Strike 114700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,754,810,000 Combined total value = 11,754,810,000

Strike 114800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,678,620,000 Combined total value = 11,678,620,000

Strike 114900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,602,430,000 Combined total value = 11,602,430,000

Strike 115000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,526,240,000 Combined total value = 11,526,240,000

Strike 115100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,452,430,000 Combined total value = 11,452,430,000

Strike 115200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,378,620,000 Combined total value = 11,378,620,000

Strike 115300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,304,810,000 Combined total value = 11,304,810,000

Strike 115400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,231,000,000 Combined total value = 11,231,000,000

Strike 115500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,157,190,000 Combined total value = 11,157,190,000

Strike 115600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,083,380,000 Combined total value = 11,083,380,000

Strike 115700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 11,009,570,000 Combined total value = 11,009,570,000

Strike 115800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,935,760,000 Combined total value = 10,935,760,000

Strike 115900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,861,950,000 Combined total value = 10,861,950,000

Strike 116000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,788,140,000 Combined total value = 10,788,140,000

Strike 116100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,714,330,000 Combined total value = 10,714,330,000

Strike 116200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,640,520,000 Combined total value = 10,640,520,000

Strike 116300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,566,710,000 Combined total value = 10,566,710,000

Strike 116400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,492,900,000 Combined total value = 10,492,900,000

Strike 116500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,419,090,000 Combined total value = 10,419,090,000

Strike 116600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,345,280,000 Combined total value = 10,345,280,000

Strike 116700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,271,470,000 Combined total value = 10,271,470,000

Strike 116800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,197,660,000 Combined total value = 10,197,660,000

Strike 116900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,123,850,000 Combined total value = 10,123,850,000

Strike 117000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 10,050,040,000 Combined total value = 10,050,040,000

Strike 117100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,976,230,000 Combined total value = 9,976,230,000

Strike 117200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,902,420,000 Combined total value = 9,902,420,000

Strike 117300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,828,610,000 Combined total value = 9,828,610,000

Strike 117400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,754,800,000 Combined total value = 9,754,800,000

Strike 117500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,680,990,000 Combined total value = 9,680,990,000

Strike 117600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,607,180,000 Combined total value = 9,607,180,000

Strike 117700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,533,370,000 Combined total value = 9,533,370,000

Strike 117800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,459,560,000 Combined total value = 9,459,560,000

Strike 117900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,385,750,000 Combined total value = 9,385,750,000

Strike 118000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,311,940,000 Combined total value = 9,311,940,000

Strike 118100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,238,240,000 Combined total value = 9,238,240,000

Strike 118200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,164,540,000 Combined total value = 9,164,540,000

Strike 118300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,090,840,000 Combined total value = 9,090,840,000

Strike 118400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 9,017,140,000 Combined total value = 9,017,140,000

Strike 118500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,943,440,000 Combined total value = 8,943,440,000

Strike 118600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,869,740,000 Combined total value = 8,869,740,000

Strike 118700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,796,040,000 Combined total value = 8,796,040,000

Strike 118800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,722,340,000 Combined total value = 8,722,340,000

Strike 118900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,648,640,000 Combined total value = 8,648,640,000

Strike 119000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,574,940,000 Combined total value = 8,574,940,000

Strike 119100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,501,240,000 Combined total value = 8,501,240,000

Strike 119200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,427,540,000 Combined total value = 8,427,540,000

Strike 119300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,353,840,000 Combined total value = 8,353,840,000

Strike 119400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,280,140,000 Combined total value = 8,280,140,000

Strike 119500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,206,440,000 Combined total value = 8,206,440,000

Strike 119600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,132,740,000 Combined total value = 8,132,740,000

Strike 119700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 8,059,040,000 Combined total value = 8,059,040,000

Strike 119800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,985,340,000 Combined total value = 7,985,340,000

Strike 119900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,911,640,000 Combined total value = 7,911,640,000

Strike 120000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,837,940,000 Combined total value = 7,837,940,000

Strike 120100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,768,540,000 Combined total value = 7,768,540,000

Strike 120200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,699,140,000 Combined total value = 7,699,140,000

Strike 120300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,629,740,000 Combined total value = 7,629,740,000

Strike 120400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,560,340,000 Combined total value = 7,560,340,000

Strike 120500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,490,940,000 Combined total value = 7,490,940,000

Strike 120600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,421,540,000 Combined total value = 7,421,540,000

Strike 120700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,352,140,000 Combined total value = 7,352,140,000

Strike 120800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,282,740,000 Combined total value = 7,282,740,000

Strike 120900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,213,340,000 Combined total value = 7,213,340,000

Strike 121000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,143,940,000 Combined total value = 7,143,940,000

Strike 121100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,075,700,000 Combined total value = 7,075,700,000

Strike 121200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 7,007,460,000 Combined total value = 7,007,460,000

Strike 121300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,939,220,000 Combined total value = 6,939,220,000

Strike 121400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,870,980,000 Combined total value = 6,870,980,000

Strike 121500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,802,740,000 Combined total value = 6,802,740,000

Strike 121600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,734,500,000 Combined total value = 6,734,500,000

Strike 121700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,666,260,000 Combined total value = 6,666,260,000

Strike 121800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,598,020,000 Combined total value = 6,598,020,000

Strike 121900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,529,780,000 Combined total value = 6,529,780,000

Strike 122000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,461,540,000 Combined total value = 6,461,540,000

Strike 122100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,394,520,000 Combined total value = 6,394,520,000

Strike 122200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,327,500,000 Combined total value = 6,327,500,000

Strike 122300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,260,480,000 Combined total value = 6,260,480,000

Strike 122400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,193,460,000 Combined total value = 6,193,460,000

Strike 122500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,126,440,000 Combined total value = 6,126,440,000

Strike 122600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 6,059,420,000 Combined total value = 6,059,420,000

Strike 122700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,992,400,000 Combined total value = 5,992,400,000

Strike 122800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,925,380,000 Combined total value = 5,925,380,000

Strike 122900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,858,360,000 Combined total value = 5,858,360,000

Strike 123000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,791,340,000 Combined total value = 5,791,340,000

Strike 123100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,726,720,000 Combined total value = 5,726,720,000

Strike 123200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,662,100,000 Combined total value = 5,662,100,000

Strike 123300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,597,480,000 Combined total value = 5,597,480,000

Strike 123400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,532,860,000 Combined total value = 5,532,860,000

Strike 123500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,468,240,000 Combined total value = 5,468,240,000

Strike 123600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,403,620,000 Combined total value = 5,403,620,000

Strike 123700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,339,000,000 Combined total value = 5,339,000,000

Strike 123800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,274,380,000 Combined total value = 5,274,380,000

Strike 123900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,209,760,000 Combined total value = 5,209,760,000

Strike 124000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,145,140,000 Combined total value = 5,145,140,000

Strike 124100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,082,310,000 Combined total value = 5,082,310,000

Strike 124200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 5,019,480,000 Combined total value = 5,019,480,000

Strike 124300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,956,650,000 Combined total value = 4,956,650,000

Strike 124400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,893,820,000 Combined total value = 4,893,820,000

Strike 124500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,830,990,000 Combined total value = 4,830,990,000

Strike 124600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,768,160,000 Combined total value = 4,768,160,000

Strike 124700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,705,330,000 Combined total value = 4,705,330,000

Strike 124800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,642,500,000 Combined total value = 4,642,500,000

Strike 124900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,579,670,000 Combined total value = 4,579,670,000

Strike 125000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,516,840,000 Combined total value = 4,516,840,000

Strike 125100 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,460,350,000 Combined total value = 4,460,350,000

Strike 125200 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,403,860,000 Combined total value = 4,403,860,000

Strike 125300 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,347,370,000 Combined total value = 4,347,370,000

Strike 125400 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,290,880,000 Combined total value = 4,290,880,000

Strike 125500 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,234,390,000 Combined total value = 4,234,390,000

Strike 125600 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,177,900,000 Combined total value = 4,177,900,000

Strike 125700 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,121,410,000 Combined total value = 4,121,410,000

Strike 125800 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,064,920,000 Combined total value = 4,064,920,000

Strike 125900 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 4,008,430,000 Combined total value = 4,008,430,000

Strike 126000 has a total call value of 0 versus a total put value of 3,951,940,000 Combined total value = 3,951,940,000

Strike 126100 has a total call value of 300,000 versus a total put value of 3,897,880,000 Combined total value = 3,898,180,000

Strike 126200 has a total call value of 600,000 versus a total put value of 3,843,820,000 Combined total value = 3,844,420,000

Strike 126300 has a total call value of 900,000 versus a total put value of 3,789,760,000 Combined total value = 3,790,660,000

Strike 126400 has a total call value of 1,200,000 versus a total put value of 3,735,700,000 Combined total value = 3,736,900,000

Strike 126500 has a total call value of 1,500,000 versus a total put value of 3,681,640,000 Combined total value = 3,683,140,000

Strike 126600 has a total call value of 1,800,000 versus a total put value of 3,627,580,000 Combined total value = 3,629,380,000

Strike 126700 has a total call value of 2,100,000 versus a total put value of 3,573,520,000 Combined total value = 3,575,620,000

Strike 126800 has a total call value of 2,400,000 versus a total put value of 3,519,460,000 Combined total value = 3,521,860,000

Strike 126900 has a total call value of 2,700,000 versus a total put value of 3,465,400,000 Combined total value = 3,468,100,000

Strike 127000 has a total call value of 3,000,000 versus a total put value of 3,411,340,000 Combined total value = 3,414,340,000

Strike 127100 has a total call value of 4,230,000 versus a total put value of 3,359,020,000 Combined total value = 3,363,250,000

Strike 127200 has a total call value of 5,460,000 versus a total put value of 3,306,700,000 Combined total value = 3,312,160,000

Strike 127300 has a total call value of 6,690,000 versus a total put value of 3,254,380,000 Combined total value = 3,261,070,000

Strike 127400 has a total call value of 7,920,000 versus a total put value of 3,202,060,000 Combined total value = 3,209,980,000

Strike 127500 has a total call value of 9,150,000 versus a total put value of 3,149,740,000 Combined total value = 3,158,890,000

Strike 127600 has a total call value of 10,380,000 versus a total put value of 3,097,420,000 Combined total value = 3,107,800,000

Strike 127700 has a total call value of 11,610,000 versus a total put value of 3,045,100,000 Combined total value = 3,056,710,000

Strike 127800 has a total call value of 12,840,000 versus a total put value of 2,992,780,000 Combined total value = 3,005,620,000

Strike 127900 has a total call value of 14,070,000 versus a total put value of 2,940,460,000 Combined total value = 2,954,530,000

Strike 128000 has a total call value of 15,300,000 versus a total put value of 2,888,140,000 Combined total value = 2,903,440,000

Strike 128100 has a total call value of 18,070,000 versus a total put value of 2,839,120,000 Combined total value = 2,857,190,000

Strike 128200 has a total call value of 20,840,000 versus a total put value of 2,790,100,000 Combined total value = 2,810,940,000

Strike 128300 has a total call value of 23,610,000 versus a total put value of 2,741,080,000 Combined total value = 2,764,690,000

Strike 128400 has a total call value of 26,380,000 versus a total put value of 2,692,060,000 Combined total value = 2,718,440,000

Strike 128500 has a total call value of 29,150,000 versus a total put value of 2,643,040,000 Combined total value = 2,672,190,000

Strike 128600 has a total call value of 31,920,000 versus a total put value of 2,594,020,000 Combined total value = 2,625,940,000

Strike 128700 has a total call value of 34,690,000 versus a total put value of 2,545,000,000 Combined total value = 2,579,690,000

Strike 128800 has a total call value of 37,460,000 versus a total put value of 2,495,980,000 Combined total value = 2,533,440,000

Strike 128900 has a total call value of 40,230,000 versus a total put value of 2,446,960,000 Combined total value = 2,487,190,000

Strike 129000 has a total call value of 43,000,000 versus a total put value of 2,397,940,000 Combined total value = 2,440,940,000

Strike 129100 has a total call value of 46,300,000 versus a total put value of 2,351,140,000 Combined total value = 2,397,440,000

Strike 129200 has a total call value of 49,600,000 versus a total put value of 2,304,340,000 Combined total value = 2,353,940,000

Strike 129300 has a total call value of 52,900,000 versus a total put value of 2,257,540,000 Combined total value = 2,310,440,000

Strike 129400 has a total call value of 56,200,000 versus a total put value of 2,210,740,000 Combined total value = 2,266,940,000

Strike 129500 has a total call value of 59,500,000 versus a total put value of 2,163,940,000 Combined total value = 2,223,440,000

Strike 129600 has a total call value of 62,800,000 versus a total put value of 2,117,140,000 Combined total value = 2,179,940,000

Strike 129700 has a total call value of 66,100,000 versus a total put value of 2,070,340,000 Combined total value = 2,136,440,000

Strike 129800 has a total call value of 69,400,000 versus a total put value of 2,023,540,000 Combined total value = 2,092,940,000

Strike 129900 has a total call value of 72,700,000 versus a total put value of 1,976,740,000 Combined total value = 2,049,440,000

Strike 130000 has a total call value of 76,000,000 versus a total put value of 1,929,940,000 Combined total value = 2,005,940,000

Strike 130100 has a total call value of 82,630,000 versus a total put value of 1,891,020,000 Combined total value = 1,973,650,000

Strike 130200 has a total call value of 89,260,000 versus a total put value of 1,852,100,000 Combined total value = 1,941,360,000

Strike 130300 has a total call value of 95,890,000 versus a total put value of 1,813,180,000 Combined total value = 1,909,070,000

Strike 130400 has a total call value of 102,520,000 versus a total put value of 1,774,260,000 Combined total value = 1,876,780,000

Strike 130500 has a total call value of 109,150,000 versus a total put value of 1,735,340,000 Combined total value = 1,844,490,000

Strike 130600 has a total call value of 115,780,000 versus a total put value of 1,696,420,000 Combined total value = 1,812,200,000

Strike 130700 has a total call value of 122,410,000 versus a total put value of 1,657,500,000 Combined total value = 1,779,910,000

Strike 130800 has a total call value of 129,040,000 versus a total put value of 1,618,580,000 Combined total value = 1,747,620,000

Strike 130900 has a total call value of 135,670,000 versus a total put value of 1,579,660,000 Combined total value = 1,715,330,000

Strike 131000 has a total call value of 142,300,000 versus a total put value of 1,540,740,000 Combined total value = 1,683,040,000

Strike 131100 has a total call value of 149,540,000 versus a total put value of 1,505,300,000 Combined total value = 1,654,840,000

Strike 131200 has a total call value of 156,780,000 versus a total put value of 1,469,860,000 Combined total value = 1,626,640,000

Strike 131300 has a total call value of 164,020,000 versus a total put value of 1,434,420,000 Combined total value = 1,598,440,000

Strike 131400 has a total call value of 171,260,000 versus a total put value of 1,398,980,000 Combined total value = 1,570,240,000

Strike 131500 has a total call value of 178,500,000 versus a total put value of 1,363,540,000 Combined total value = 1,542,040,000

Strike 131600 has a total call value of 185,740,000 versus a total put value of 1,328,100,000 Combined total value = 1,513,840,000

Strike 131700 has a total call value of 192,980,000 versus a total put value of 1,292,660,000 Combined total value = 1,485,640,000

Strike 131800 has a total call value of 200,220,000 versus a total put value of 1,257,220,000 Combined total value = 1,457,440,000

Strike 131900 has a total call value of 207,460,000 versus a total put value of 1,221,780,000 Combined total value = 1,429,240,000

Strike 132000 has a total call value of 214,700,000 versus a total put value of 1,186,340,000 Combined total value = 1,401,040,000

Strike 132100 has a total call value of 223,290,000 versus a total put value of 1,155,410,000 Combined total value = 1,378,700,000

Strike 132200 has a total call value of 231,880,000 versus a total put value of 1,124,480,000 Combined total value = 1,356,360,000

Strike 132300 has a total call value of 240,470,000 versus a total put value of 1,093,550,000 Combined total value = 1,334,020,000

Strike 132400 has a total call value of 249,060,000 versus a total put value of 1,062,620,000 Combined total value = 1,311,680,000

Strike 132500 has a total call value of 257,650,000 versus a total put value of 1,031,690,000 Combined total value = 1,289,340,000

Strike 132600 has a total call value of 266,240,000 versus a total put value of 1,000,760,000 Combined total value = 1,267,000,000

Strike 132700 has a total call value of 274,830,000 versus a total put value of 969,830,000 Combined total value = 1,244,660,000

Strike 132800 has a total call value of 283,420,000 versus a total put value of 938,900,000 Combined total value = 1,222,320,000

Strike 132900 has a total call value of 292,010,000 versus a total put value of 907,970,000 Combined total value = 1,199,980,000

Strike 133000 has a total call value of 300,600,000 versus a total put value of 877,040,000 Combined total value = 1,177,640,000

Strike 133100 has a total call value of 310,540,000 versus a total put value of 851,060,000 Combined total value = 1,161,600,000

Strike 133200 has a total call value of 320,480,000 versus a total put value of 825,080,000 Combined total value = 1,145,560,000

Strike 133300 has a total call value of 330,420,000 versus a total put value of 799,100,000 Combined total value = 1,129,520,000

Strike 133400 has a total call value of 340,360,000 versus a total put value of 773,120,000 Combined total value = 1,113,480,000

Strike 133500 has a total call value of 350,300,000 versus a total put value of 747,140,000 Combined total value = 1,097,440,000

Strike 133600 has a total call value of 360,240,000 versus a total put value of 721,160,000 Combined total value = 1,081,400,000

Strike 133700 has a total call value of 370,180,000 versus a total put value of 695,180,000 Combined total value = 1,065,360,000

Strike 133800 has a total call value of 380,120,000 versus a total put value of 669,200,000 Combined total value = 1,049,320,000

Strike 133900 has a total call value of 390,060,000 versus a total put value of 643,220,000 Combined total value = 1,033,280,000

Strike 134000 has a total call value of 400,000,000 versus a total put value of 617,240,000 Combined total value = 1,017,240,000

Strike 134100 has a total call value of 411,140,000 versus a total put value of 594,770,000 Combined total value = 1,005,910,000

Strike 134200 has a total call value of 422,280,000 versus a total put value of 572,300,000 Combined total value = 994,580,000

Strike 134300 has a total call value of 433,420,000 versus a total put value of 549,830,000 Combined total value = 983,250,000

Strike 134400 has a total call value of 444,560,000 versus a total put value of 527,360,000 Combined total value = 971,920,000

Strike 134500 has a total call value of 455,700,000 versus a total put value of 504,890,000 Combined total value = 960,590,000

Strike 134600 has a total call value of 466,840,000 versus a total put value of 482,540,000 Combined total value = 949,380,000

Strike 134700 has a total call value of 477,980,000 versus a total put value of 460,190,000 Combined total value = 938,170,000

Strike 134800 has a total call value of 489,120,000 versus a total put value of 437,840,000 Combined total value = 926,960,000

Strike 134900 has a total call value of 500,260,000 versus a total put value of 415,490,000 Combined total value = 915,750,000

Strike 135000 has a total call value of 511,400,000 versus a total put value of 393,140,000 Combined total value = 904,540,000

Strike 135100 has a total call value of 527,490,000 versus a total put value of 377,740,000 Combined total value = 905,230,000

Strike 135200 has a total call value of 543,580,000 versus a total put value of 362,340,000 Combined total value = 905,920,000

Strike 135300 has a total call value of 559,670,000 versus a total put value of 346,940,000 Combined total value = 906,610,000

Strike 135400 has a total call value of 575,760,000 versus a total put value of 331,540,000 Combined total value = 907,300,000

Strike 135500 has a total call value of 591,850,000 versus a total put value of 316,140,000 Combined total value = 907,990,000

Strike 135600 has a total call value of 607,940,000 versus a total put value of 300,910,000 Combined total value = 908,850,000

Strike 135700 has a total call value of 624,030,000 versus a total put value of 285,680,000 Combined total value = 909,710,000

Strike 135800 has a total call value of 640,120,000 versus a total put value of 270,450,000 Combined total value = 910,570,000

Strike 135900 has a total call value of 656,210,000 versus a total put value of 255,220,000 Combined total value = 911,430,000

Strike 136000 has a total call value of 672,300,000 versus a total put value of 239,990,000 Combined total value = 912,290,000

Strike 136100 has a total call value of 692,940,000 versus a total put value of 228,620,000 Combined total value = 921,560,000

Strike 136200 has a total call value of 713,580,000 versus a total put value of 217,250,000 Combined total value = 930,830,000

Strike 136300 has a total call value of 734,220,000 versus a total put value of 205,880,000 Combined total value = 940,100,000

Strike 136400 has a total call value of 754,860,000 versus a total put value of 194,510,000 Combined total value = 949,370,000

Strike 136500 has a total call value of 775,500,000 versus a total put value of 183,140,000 Combined total value = 958,640,000

Strike 136600 has a total call value of 796,370,000 versus a total put value of 171,770,000 Combined total value = 968,140,000

Strike 136700 has a total call value of 817,240,000 versus a total put value of 160,400,000 Combined total value = 977,640,000

Strike 136800 has a total call value of 838,110,000 versus a total put value of 149,030,000 Combined total value = 987,140,000

Strike 136900 has a total call value of 858,980,000 versus a total put value of 137,660,000 Combined total value = 996,640,000

Strike 137000 has a total call value of 879,850,000 versus a total put value of 126,290,000 Combined total value = 1,006,140,000

Strike 137100 has a total call value of 904,040,000 versus a total put value of 118,660,000 Combined total value = 1,022,700,000

Strike 137200 has a total call value of 928,230,000 versus a total put value of 111,030,000 Combined total value = 1,039,260,000

Strike 137300 has a total call value of 952,420,000 versus a total put value of 103,400,000 Combined total value = 1,055,820,000

Strike 137400 has a total call value of 976,610,000 versus a total put value of 95,770,000 Combined total value = 1,072,380,000

Strike 137500 has a total call value of 1,000,800,000 versus a total put value of 88,140,000 Combined total value = 1,088,940,000

Strike 137600 has a total call value of 1,025,150,000 versus a total put value of 80,540,000 Combined total value = 1,105,690,000

Strike 137700 has a total call value of 1,049,500,000 versus a total put value of 72,940,000 Combined total value = 1,122,440,000

Strike 137800 has a total call value of 1,073,850,000 versus a total put value of 65,340,000 Combined total value = 1,139,190,000

Strike 137900 has a total call value of 1,098,200,000 versus a total put value of 57,740,000 Combined total value = 1,155,940,000

Strike 138000 has a total call value of 1,122,550,000 versus a total put value of 50,140,000 Combined total value = 1,172,690,000

Strike 138100 has a total call value of 1,154,800,000 versus a total put value of 46,650,000 Combined total value = 1,201,450,000

Strike 138200 has a total call value of 1,187,050,000 versus a total put value of 43,200,000 Combined total value = 1,230,250,000

Strike 138300 has a total call value of 1,219,300,000 versus a total put value of 39,750,000 Combined total value = 1,259,050,000

Strike 138400 has a total call value of 1,251,550,000 versus a total put value of 36,300,000 Combined total value = 1,287,850,000

Strike 138500 has a total call value of 1,283,800,000 versus a total put value of 32,850,000 Combined total value = 1,316,650,000

Strike 138600 has a total call value of 1,316,390,000 versus a total put value of 29,760,000 Combined total value = 1,346,150,000

Strike 138700 has a total call value of 1,348,980,000 versus a total put value of 26,670,000 Combined total value = 1,375,650,000

Strike 138800 has a total call value of 1,381,570,000 versus a total put value of 23,580,000 Combined total value = 1,405,150,000

Strike 138900 has a total call value of 1,414,160,000 versus a total put value of 20,490,000 Combined total value = 1,434,650,000

Strike 139000 has a total call value of 1,446,750,000 versus a total put value of 17,400,000 Combined total value = 1,464,150,000

Strike 139100 has a total call value of 1,488,670,000 versus a total put value of 16,330,000 Combined total value = 1,505,000,000

Strike 139200 has a total call value of 1,530,590,000 versus a total put value of 15,260,000 Combined total value = 1,545,850,000

Strike 139300 has a total call value of 1,572,510,000 versus a total put value of 14,190,000 Combined total value = 1,586,700,000

Strike 139400 has a total call value of 1,614,430,000 versus a total put value of 13,120,000 Combined total value = 1,627,550,000

Strike 139500 has a total call value of 1,656,350,000 versus a total put value of 12,050,000 Combined total value = 1,668,400,000

Strike 139600 has a total call value of 1,698,600,000 versus a total put value of 10,980,000 Combined total value = 1,709,580,000

Strike 139700 has a total call value of 1,740,850,000 versus a total put value of 9,910,000 Combined total value = 1,750,760,000

Strike 139800 has a total call value of 1,783,100,000 versus a total put value of 8,840,000 Combined total value = 1,791,940,000

Strike 139900 has a total call value of 1,825,350,000 versus a total put value of 7,770,000 Combined total value = 1,833,120,000

Strike 140000 has a total call value of 1,867,600,000 versus a total put value of 6,700,000 Combined total value = 1,874,300,000

Strike 140100 has a total call value of 1,915,600,000 versus a total put value of 6,240,000 Combined total value = 1,921,840,000

Strike 140200 has a total call value of 1,963,600,000 versus a total put value of 5,780,000 Combined total value = 1,969,380,000

Strike 140300 has a total call value of 2,011,600,000 versus a total put value of 5,320,000 Combined total value = 2,016,920,000

Strike 140400 has a total call value of 2,059,600,000 versus a total put value of 4,860,000 Combined total value = 2,064,460,000

Strike 140500 has a total call value of 2,107,600,000 versus a total put value of 4,400,000 Combined total value = 2,112,000,000

Strike 140600 has a total call value of 2,155,600,000 versus a total put value of 3,940,000 Combined total value = 2,159,540,000

Strike 140700 has a total call value of 2,203,600,000 versus a total put value of 3,480,000 Combined total value = 2,207,080,000

Strike 140800 has a total call value of 2,251,600,000 versus a total put value of 3,020,000 Combined total value = 2,254,620,000

Strike 140900 has a total call value of 2,299,600,000 versus a total put value of 2,560,000 Combined total value = 2,302,160,000

Strike 141000 has a total call value of 2,347,600,000 versus a total put value of 2,100,000 Combined total value = 2,349,700,000

Strike 141100 has a total call value of 2,403,070,000 versus a total put value of 1,890,000 Combined total value = 2,404,960,000

Strike 141200 has a total call value of 2,458,540,000 versus a total put value of 1,680,000 Combined total value = 2,460,220,000

Strike 141300 has a total call value of 2,514,010,000 versus a total put value of 1,470,000 Combined total value = 2,515,480,000

Strike 141400 has a total call value of 2,569,480,000 versus a total put value of 1,260,000 Combined total value = 2,570,740,000

Strike 141500 has a total call value of 2,624,950,000 versus a total put value of 1,050,000 Combined total value = 2,626,000,000

Strike 141600 has a total call value of 2,680,420,000 versus a total put value of 840,000 Combined total value = 2,681,260,000

Strike 141700 has a total call value of 2,735,890,000 versus a total put value of 630,000 Combined total value = 2,736,520,000

Strike 141800 has a total call value of 2,791,360,000 versus a total put value of 420,000 Combined total value = 2,791,780,000

Strike 141900 has a total call value of 2,846,830,000 versus a total put value of 210,000 Combined total value = 2,847,040,000

Strike 142000 has a total call value of 2,902,300,000 versus a total put value of 0 Combined total value = 2,902,300,000

Max-Pain Table for Stocks

Max-Pain Table Expiry

Commodity Max-Pain Table

Index Max-Pain Table

LTP > Max Pain Bearish

LTP < Max Pain Bullish

Frequently Asked Questions

Max Pain, also known as the max pain price, is the strike price at which the maximum number of option contracts (both puts and calls) would expire worthless, causing the largest financial losses for option holders at expiration. This price point represents the level where option writers would experience the least payout obligation.

The max pain theory suggests that as expiration approaches, market makers and option writers may attempt to influence the stock price toward this level to minimize their payout obligations, making it a significant reference point for traders analyzing option expiration dynamics.

Max Pain is calculated by determining the total dollar value of in-the-money options at each strike price. Here's the step-by-step process:

For each strike price: Calculate the difference between the current stock price and the strike price.
Multiply by Open Interest: Multiply this difference by the open interest (number of contracts) at that strike for both call and put options.
Sum the values: Add together the dollar value for put options and call options at each strike price.
Repeat for all strikes: Perform this calculation for every available strike price in the option chain.
Identify the maximum: The strike price with the highest combined dollar value is the Max Pain price.

This calculation helps identify the price level where option writers would face the maximum financial loss if the stock closes at that price on expiration day.

Traders can incorporate Max Pain analysis into their trading strategy in several ways:

Expiration Day Trading: As option expiration approaches, traders can use Max Pain as a potential support or resistance level, as market makers may attempt to push the price toward this level.
Option Selection: Understanding Max Pain helps traders choose strike prices that are less likely to be manipulated, potentially improving their option trade outcomes.
Risk Management: If a stock is trading far from Max Pain before expiration, traders can anticipate potential price movement toward this level and adjust their positions accordingly.
Market Sentiment Indicator: Comparing the current stock price to Max Pain can provide insights into market sentiment and potential price direction near expiration.
Hedging Strategy: Option writers can use Max Pain to identify strike prices where they might face the least payout risk, helping them structure more efficient hedging strategies.

Max Pain provides insights into potential stock price behavior, especially near option expiration:

Price Magnet Effect: If the stock price is significantly above or below Max Pain before expiration, there may be a tendency for the price to move toward Max Pain as expiration approaches, as option writers hedge their positions.
Support/Resistance Level: Max Pain can act as a psychological and technical support or resistance level, especially on expiration day, as it represents the price where maximum option value would be lost.
Volatility Indicator: A large gap between current price and Max Pain may indicate higher potential volatility or price movement as expiration nears.
Market Maker Activity: Significant open interest concentration around Max Pain suggests where market makers might have the most incentive to influence price movement through their hedging activities.

Note: Max Pain is a theoretical concept and should be used in conjunction with other technical and fundamental analysis tools, as it does not guarantee price movement.

Max Pain is a dynamic value that changes continuously based on several factors:

Open Interest Changes: As traders open and close option positions, the open interest at different strike prices changes, which directly affects the Max Pain calculation.
Stock Price Movement: As the underlying stock price moves, different strike prices become in-the-money or out-of-the-money, altering the dollar value calculations.
Time Decay: As expiration approaches, the time value of options decreases, but the intrinsic value calculations for Max Pain continue to evolve with price movements.
New Option Contracts: When new strike prices are added or when significant new positions are opened, Max Pain may shift to reflect the new distribution of open interest.

For accurate Max Pain analysis, traders should monitor it regularly, especially in the days leading up to expiration, as it can shift significantly as market conditions and option positions change.

Max Pain and Spot Price are two distinct concepts that serve different purposes in options trading:

Spot Price (Current Market Price): This is the current trading price of the underlying stock or index in the market. It represents the real-time value at which the asset can be bought or sold immediately.
Max Pain Price: This is a calculated theoretical price level based on option open interest data. It represents the strike price where option writers would face minimum payout obligations, not necessarily where the stock is currently trading.

The relationship between these two prices is crucial: when the spot price is far from Max Pain, traders may anticipate potential price movement toward Max Pain as expiration approaches. However, this is not guaranteed, and many other factors influence stock price movement.

No, Max Pain is not always accurate and should not be used as the sole indicator for predicting stock price movement. Here's why:

Market Forces: Strong fundamental news, earnings reports, or significant market events can override the Max Pain effect and drive prices in unexpected directions.
Institutional Activity: Large institutional trades, algorithmic trading, and other market participants may have different objectives than minimizing option payouts.
Limited Influence: While market makers may attempt to influence price toward Max Pain, their ability to do so is limited, especially in highly liquid stocks with strong directional momentum.
Multiple Expirations: Stocks often have options expiring on different dates (weekly, monthly), which means multiple Max Pain levels may exist simultaneously, reducing the predictive power of any single level.
Statistical Tool: Max Pain is best viewed as a statistical tool that provides context about option market dynamics rather than a guaranteed price target.

Traders should use Max Pain as one of many tools in their analysis, combining it with technical analysis, fundamental analysis, and market sentiment indicators for more comprehensive decision-making.

Max Pain becomes increasingly relevant as option expiration approaches:

Last Trading Week: Max Pain analysis is most useful during the final week before expiration, when option writers are actively hedging and the "pinning effect" (price movement toward Max Pain) is most likely to occur.
Expiration Day: On the day of expiration, Max Pain can serve as a key reference level, as market makers may attempt to keep the stock price near this level to minimize their payout obligations.
High Open Interest: Max Pain is more reliable when there is significant open interest concentrated around specific strike prices, as this indicates where option writers have the most exposure.
Low Volatility Periods: During periods of low market volatility, Max Pain may have a stronger influence, as there are fewer competing forces driving price movement.
Monthly Expirations: Monthly option expirations (typically the third Friday) often show stronger Max Pain effects compared to weekly expirations, due to higher open interest and more significant market maker involvement.

While Max Pain can be calculated at any time, its predictive value and practical application increase significantly as expiration approaches, making it particularly useful for short-term trading strategies focused on expiration week dynamics.

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